Governments, for their part, working with commercial organisations have established vaccination certification protocols and documents that reflect the individual public health care circumstances of each country, region and bloc.

The introduction to Reconnaissance International’s white paper ‘Vaccination Certificates and Immunity Passports – Health Status Proof’, stated that ‘standardisation and interoperability is inevitable to navigate the thousands of bilateral arrangements that are already emerging'.

According to reports on ‘threatpost’, ‘BleepingComputer’ and other online platforms, the private key used to sign EU Digital COVID certificates has been leaked and is being circulated on messaging apps and online data breach marketplaces.

A private-public partnership of technology and healthcare companies called the Vaccination Credential Initiative (VCI), which includes Microsoft, Salesforce, Oracle and the Mayo Clinic, has created a verifiable digital proof of vaccination called the SMART Health Card.

The Ghana Health Service, in partnership with the vaccine alliance Gavi and Arm’s network of partners, engineers and developers, will begin a biometric-based national vaccination program in October 2021 using contactless technology from non-profit UK technology company Simprints.

As of 1 July 2021, all European Union citizens and residents, as well as specific categories of travellers from third party countries, will be able to hold a COVID passport that will allow unrestricted travel throughout the Schengen Area on the grounds of health status. The scheme, in its current form, is set to run until 31 June 2022.